The 10 Most Outrageous Military Experiments

Seeing Infrared

The U.S. Navy wanted to boost sailors' night vision so they could spot infrared signal lights during World War II. However, infrared wavelengths are normally beyond the sensitivity of human eyes. Scientists knew vitamin A contained part of a specialized light-sensitive molecule in the eye's receptors, and wondered if an alternate form of vitamin A could promote different light sensitivity in the eye. They fed volunteers supplements made from the livers of walleyed pikes, and the volunteers' vision began changing over several months to extend into the infrared region. Such early success went down the drain after other researchers developed an electronic snooperscope to see infrared, and the human study was abandoned. Other nations also played with vitamin A during World War II - Japan fed its pilots a preparation that boosted vitamin A absorption, and saw their night vision improve by 100 percent in some cases.

Get Your Plutonium Shot

As the United States raced to build its first atomic bombs near the end of World War II, scientists wanted to know more about the hazards of plutonium. Testing began on April 10, 1945 with the injection of plutonium into the victim of a car accident in Oak Ridge, Tenn., to see how quickly the human body rid itself of the radioactive substance. That was just the first of over 400 human radiation experiments. Common studies included seeing the biological effects of radiation with various doses, and testing experimental treatments for cancer. Records of this research became public in 1995, after the U.S. Department of Energy published them.

Rocket Rider

Before man could launch into orbit and to the moon, he rode rocket sleds on the ground first. NASA scientists developed decompression sleds that could race at speeds of more than 400 mph before screeching to an abrupt halt, and early testing often had fatal results for chimpanzee subjects that suffered brain damage. Starting in 1954, Colonel John Stapp of the U.S. Air Force endured grueling tests that subjected his body to forces 35 times that of gravity, including one record-setting run of 632 miles per hour. As a flight surgeon, he voluntarily took on the risks of 29 sled runs, during which he suffered concussions, cracked ribs, a twice-fractured wrist, lost dental fillings, and burst blood vessels in both eyes.

Pacifist Guinea Pigs

Most soldiers don't sign up to fight deadly viruses and bacteria, but that's what more than 2,300 young Seventh-Day Adventists did when drafted by the U.S. Army. As conscientious objectors during the Cold War who interpreted the Bible's commandment "Thou shalt not kill" very literally, many volunteered instead to serve as guinea pigs for testing vaccines against biological weapons. Volunteers recalled being miserable for several days with fever, chills and bone-deep aches from diseases such as Q fever. None died during the secretive "Operation Whitecoat," which took place at Fort Detrick, Maryland from 1954 to 1973.

Falling Near the Speed of Sound

When the U.S. Air Force wanted to find out how well pilots could survive high-altitude jumps, they turned to Captain Joseph Kittinger, Jr. The test pilot made several jumps as head of "Project Excelsior" during the 1950s. Each time involved riding high-altitude Excelsior balloons up tens of thousands of feet, before jumping, free falling and parachuting to the desert floor in New Mexico. Kittinger's third record-breaking flight on August 16, 1960 took him up to 102,800 feet, or almost 20 miles. He then leaped and freefell at speeds of up to 614 mph, not far from the speed of sound's 761 mph, and endured temperatures as low as minus 94 degrees Fahrenheit.

Hallucinogenic Warfare

Psychoactive drugs such as marijuana, LSD and PCP don't just have street value: Researchers once hoped the drugs could become chemical weapons that disabled enemy soldiers. U.S. Army volunteers took pot, acid and angel dust at a facility in Edgewood, Md. From 1955 to 1972, although those drugs proved too mellow for weapons use. The Army did eventually develop hallucinogenic artillery rounds that could disperse powdered quinuclidinyl benzilate, which left many test subjects in a sleep-like condition for days. The National Academy of Sciences conducted a study in 1981 that found no ill effects from the testing, and Dr. James Ketchum published the first insider account of the research in his 2007 book "Chemical Warfare: Secrets Almost Forgotten."

Nerve Gas Spray

Threats of chemical and biological warfare led the U.S. Department of Defense to start "Project 112" from 1963 to the early 1970s. Part of the effort involved spraying different ships and hundreds of Navy sailors with nerve agents such as sarin and VX, in order to test the effectiveness of decontamination procedures and safety measures at the time. The Pentagon revealed the details of the Project Shipboard Hazard and Defense (SHAD) project in 2002, and the Veterans Administration began studying possible health effects among sailors who participated in SHAD. This was just one of many chemical warfare experiments conducted by the U.S. military, starting with volunteer tests involving mustard gas in World War II.

Psychic Vision

Psychics may not hold much credibility among scientists, but the Pentagon spent roughly $20 million testing extrasensory (ESP) powers such as remote viewing from 1972 to 1996. Remote viewers would try to envision geographical locations that they had never seen before, such as nuclear facilities or bunkers in foreign lands. Mixed results led to conflicts within the intelligence agencies, even as the project continued under names such as "Grill Flame" and "Star Gate," and led to spooks finally abandoning the effort. The CIA declassified such information in files released in 2002.

24/7 Warrior

Sleep can be a warrior's worst enemy, whether during day-long battles or long-duration missions flown from halfway around the world. But various military branches have tried to change that over the years by distributing "go pills" or stimulants such as amphetamines. More recently, the military has tested and deployed the drug modafinil - more commonly known under brands such as Provigil - which has supposedly enabled soldiers to stay awake for 40 hours straight without ill effect. And the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is funding even more unusual anti-sleep research, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation that zaps the brain with electromagnetism.

Build Your Inner Armor

Perhaps super soldiers may not be far off after all, if efforts such as DARPA's "Inner Armor" project find success. Consider efforts to give humans the extreme abilities of some animals, such as the high-altitude conditioning of the bar-headed Goose that has been known to crash into jet aircraft at more than 34,000 feet. Scientists are also eying the Steller sea lion, which redirects blood flow away from non-critical organs during deep sea dives and reduces oxygen demand. "I do not accept that our soldiers cannot physically outperform the enemy on his home turf," said Dr. Michael Callahan, who heads the project at DARPA's Defense Sciences Office, during a 2007 presentation. The goal is to make soldiers "kill-proof" against all sorts of conditions, including infectious diseases, chemical, biological and radioactive weapons, temperature and altitude extremes, and harsh natural environments. Sounds like a certain mutant superhero.

Top 10 American Innovations

The Light Bulb

Thomas Edison didn't conjure up the idea for a light bulb from thin air, but he did perfect its design, giving birth to the country's electric industry in the process. Edison's bulb lit up the world, one block at a time, beginning with his laboratory's street in New Jersey in 1879. It has taken well more than a century, and the intense demand for more energy efficient lighting, to begin to displace the incandescent bulb as the standard.

The Assembly Line

The consummate American innovator, Henry Ford, changed the way industry operates when his automotive assembly line rolled into use in 1908. While America didn't invent the car, with mass production made more efficient by Ford, many manufactured goods instantly became affordable to a wider swath of Americans.

Transistors

The electronic age would be nothing without the transistor, a semiconductor used in everything from televisions to computers. Three-terminaled transistors were developed by a three-man American team, who built upon each other's ideas and each won the Nobel Prize in 1956 for their groundbreaking work.

Communications Satellites

The world's first communications satellite was developed by the U.S. Army and launched into space in 1958, beaming a message back to Earth from President Eisenhower: "Through the marvels of scientific advance, my voice is coming to you from a satellite traveling in outer space." Though the Apollo missions were flashier, scientifically, it was the development of the communications orbiters that would become the real money-makers.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Countless lives have been saved thanks to the advent of the MRI, a painless, non-invasive way of seeing straight into the human body with amazing detail. It was Raymond Damadian, an American scientist familiar with the principles of nuclear magnetic imaging, who first proposed that the technology could be used to safely scan for disease. The first MRI machine went into use in 1977.

The Internet

Many people (except Al Gore) could take partial credit for the invention of the Internet, but the technology indisputably had its first unceremonious moments in the late 1960s in the bowels of America's institutes for higher learning. Developed for military research, the "ARPAnet" connected four computers at UCLA, Stanford, UC Santa Barbara and the University of Utah. Scientists typing there sent the first email, too, in 1971.

Laser Technology

With so many applications and a commercial value in the many billions of dollars, the laser ranks as one of America's most practical inventions of the 20th century. Though Albert Einstein described the first described the properties of a laser in 1917, it wasn't until 1960 that scientists at the Hughes Research Laboratories in California first demonstrated the phenomenon. Today, we use lasers anytime we put on a CD or DVD, perform eye surgery, scan a barcode, put on a rock concert and, of course, shine one of those annoying red lights in someone's eye.

Putting a Man on the Moon

The USSR may have been the first to reach space, but it was NASA's Apollo program - conceived in 1960 during the Eisenhower administration - that truly captured the world's imagination, putting a man on the moon in 1969. The speed at which scientists went from concept to realization of the space program, helped in no small part by competition with their Communist rivals, was nothing short of miraculous compared to the lumbering pace of many innovations today.

The Atomic Bomb

Perhaps not as whimsical as landing on the moon, few would deny the explosive impact of the invention of the atomic bomb, first tested in New Mexico in 1945. Besides its effect on the way the world wages war, the Manhattan Project was also a reflection of America's melting pot, employing a number of newly immigrated scientists, including some who had escaped persecution under Germany's Third Reich.

Flight

Is there anything more American than a pair of otherwise unassuming brothers from Ohio revolutionizing the way the world is connected? When Orville and Wilbur Wright succeeded in their first manned, powered, heavier-than-air and (to some degree) controlled-flight aircraft in 1903, soaring for 12 seconds over the ruddy fields of North Carolina, science entered the aerial age and has never looked back.